IMDB entry:
Two-time Oscar-winner Melvyn Douglas was one of America’s finest actors. In addition to his two Oscars, he also won a Tony Award and an Emmy. Douglas would enjoy cinema immortality if for no other reason than his being the man who made Greta Garbo laugh inErnst Lubitsch‘s classic comedy Ninotchka (1939), but he was much, much more.
He was born Melvyn Edouard Hesselberg on April 5, 1901, in Macon, Georgia. His father, Edouard Gregory Hesselberg, was a Latvian Jewish immigrant (from Riga). His mother, from Clark Furnace, Tennessee, was from a family with deep roots in the United States; she had English ancestry (including antecedents who were Mayflower passengers), and remote Italian roots (from the Taliaferro family). His father was a concert pianist who supported his family by teaching music at university-based conservatories. Melvyn dropped out of high school to pursue his dream of becoming an actor.
He made his Broadway debut in the drama “A Free Soul (1931)” at the Playhouse Theatre on January 12, 1928, playing the role of a raffish gangster (a part that would later makeClark Gable‘s career when the play was adapted to the screen). “A Free Soul” was a modest success, running for 100 performances. His next three plays were flops: “Back Here” and “Now-a-Days” each lasted one week, while “Recapture” lasted all of three before closing. He was much luckier with his next play, “Tonight or Never,” which opened on November 18, 1930, at legendary producer David Belasco‘s theater. Not only did the play run for 232 performances, but Douglas met the woman who would be his wife of nearly 50 years: his co-star, Helen Gahagan. They were married in 1931.
The movies came a-calling in 1932 and Douglas had the unique pleasure of assaying completely different characters in widely divergent films. He first appeared opposite his future Ninotchka (1939) co-star Greta Garbo in the screen adaptation of Luigi Pirandello‘sAs You Desire Me (1932), proving himself a sophisticated leading man as, aside from his first-rate performance, he was able to shine in the light thrown off by Garbo, the cinema’s greatest star. In typical Hollywood fashion, however, this terrific performance in a top-rank film from a major studio was balanced by his appearance in a low-budget horror film for the independent Mayfair studio, The Vampire Bat (1933). However, the leading man won out, and that’s how he first came to fame in the 1930s in such films as She Married Her Boss(1935) and Garbo’s final film, Two-Faced Woman (1941). Douglas had shown he could play both straight drama and light comedy.
Douglas was a great liberal and was a pillar of the anti-Nazi Popular Front in the Hollywood of the 1930s. A big supporter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he and his wife Helen were invited to spend a night at the White House in November 1939. Douglas’ leftism would come back to haunt him after the death of FDR.
Well-connected with the Roosevelt White House, Douglas served as a director of the Arts Council in the Office of Civilian Defense before joining the Army during World War II. He was very active in politics and was one of the leading lights of the anti-Communist left in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Helen Gahagan Douglas, who also was politically active, was elected to Congress from the 14th District in Los Angeles in 1944, the first of three terms.
Returning to films after the war, Douglas’ screen persona evolved and he took on more mature roles, in such films as The Sea of Grass (1947) (Elia Kazan‘s directorial debut) andMr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948). His political past caught up with him, however, in the late 1940s, and he – along with fellow liberals Robinson and Henry Fonda (a registered Republican!) – were “gray-listed” (not explicitly blacklisted, they just weren’t offered any work).
The late 1940s brought the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) to Hollywood, a move that sowed the seeds of the McCarthy anti-red hysteria that would wrack Hollywood and sweep America in the 1950s. In 1950, Helen Gahagan Douglas ran as a Democrat for the U.S. Senate and was opposed by the Republican nominee, a small-time red-baiting candidate from Whittier named Richard Nixon. While Nixon did not go so far as to accuse her of actually being a Communist, he did charge her with being soft on Communism due to her opposition to HUAC and her stance insisting that the U.S. improve its relations with the USSR. Nixon tarred her as a fellow traveler of Communists, a pinko who was “pink right down to her underwear.” Her opponent in the Democratic primary had given her the nickname “The Pink Lady”, erroneously attributed to Nixon. But it was Helene Gahagan Douglas who gave Nixon his most famous nickname, “Tricky Dicky”. While many historians have written that she was defeated by Nixon because of his unethical behavior and dirty campaign tactics, her pro-Soviet, anti-Cold War stance had alienated President Harry S. Truman, who had refused to campaign for her, and other Democratic Cold Warriors like Congressman John F. Kennedy, who hailed the election of fellow-Cold Warrior Nixon to the Senate.
The blacklist was implemented by Hollywood in 1947, after the HUAC grilling of the Hollywood help led to the “exposure” and subsequent persecution of the Hollywood 10. The post-World War II Red Scare targeted New Deal liberals as much as actual, genuine communists in a push to roll back liberalism, and Douglas was a marked man. After appearing in six films as a leading man and second lead in A-List pictures from 1947-49, Douglas made just two films in the decade of the 1950s – supporting roles at RKO in 1951 – until he reappeared a decade later in Peter Ustinov‘s Billy Budd (1962) in 1962. In the meantime, Douglas did play the eponymous private detective in the TV series Steve Randall(1952) in the 1952-53 season for the doomed DuMont network, which failed the next year, and, following the example of his old friend Reagan in his stint on General Electric Theater(1953), appeared as the host of the western omnibus TV series Frontier Justice (1958) in 1958. Throughout the 1950s Douglas secured roles on such prestigious omnibus drama showcases as Playhouse 90 (1956) and even appeared on Reagan’s General Electric Theater(1953).
Then there was the theater. Douglas made many appearances on Broadway in the 1940s and 1950s, including in a notable 1959 flop, making his musical debut playing Captain Boyle in Marc Blitzstein‘s “Juno.” The musical, based on Sean O’Casey‘s play “Juno and the Paycock”, closed in less than three weeks. Douglas was much luckier in his next trip to the post: he won a Tony for his Broadway lead role in the 1960 play “The Best Man” by Gore Vidal.
In 1960, with the election of the Democratic President John F. Kennedy, the erstwhile Nixon supporter who had defeated Tricky Dicky for the Big Brass Ring of American electoral politics. About this time, as the civil rights movement became stronger and found more support among Democrats and the Kennedy administration, former liberal activist and two-term Screen Actors Guild president Reagan was in the process of completing his evolution into a right-wing Republican. Reagan and Douglas’ friendship lapsed. After Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980, Douglas said of his former friend that Reagan had begun to believe in the pro-business speeches he delivered for General Electric when he was the host of the General Electric Theater (1953).
Douglas’ own evolution into a premier character actor was completed by the early 1960s. His years of movie exile seemed to deepen him, making him richer, and he returned to the big screen a more authoritative actor. For his second role after coming off of the graylist, he won a Best Supporting Actor Oscar as Paul Newman‘s father in Hud (1963). Other films in which he shined were Paddy Chayefsky‘s The Americanization of Emily (1964), CBS Playhouse (1967) (a 1967 episode directed by George Schaefer called “Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night”, for which he won a Best Actor Emmy) and The Candidate (1972), in which he played Robert Redford‘s father. It was for his performance playing Gene Hackman‘s father that Douglas got his sole Best Actor Academy Award nod, in I Never Sang for My Father (1970). He had a career renaissance in the late 1970s, appearing in The Seduction of Joe Tynan (1979), Being There (1979) and Ghost Story (1981). He won his second Oscar for “Being There.”
Helen Gahagan Douglas died in 1980 and Melvyn followed her in 1981. He was 80 years old.
– IMDb Mini Biography By: Jon C. Hopwood
The above IMDB entry can also be accessed online here.
